- increased dietary protein,
- constipation,
- GIB,
- med noncompliance,
- infection (including SBP and UTI),
- azotemia/renal failure,
- hypoxia,
- hypokalemia,
- metabolic alkalosis,
- hypovolemia,
- HCC,
- portosystemic shunt,
- meds,
- hepatic or portal vein thrombosis,
- sedative or tranquilizer use,
- hypoglycemia.