• Idiopathic
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Alcohol Abuse.
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Nephrotic syndrome
  • Chronic kidney disease
  • Obstructive (cholestatic) liver disease
  • Anorexia nervosa
  • Cushing’s syndrome
  • Familial, eg, familial hypercholesterolemia
  • Obesity
  • Smoking – smoking decreases HDL and causes insulin resistance.
  • Medications: thiazides (short-term effect), beta-blockers (short-term effect), oral contraceptives, corticosteroids, cyclosporine
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