Fractional Excretion of Sodium (FENa)

Determines if renal failure is due to pre-renal, post-renal, or intrinsic renal pathology. FENA is only useful in AKI, not CKD. FENa cannot be used in patients on diuretics. Use FEUrea instead. Consider obstructive uropathy as a differential for AKI, no matter what...

Urinary Retention

Common Causes -Obstructive causes e.g. BPH -Medications e.g. Pain medications -Spinal pathology Treatment options Acute urinary retention: -Indwelling bladder catheter (Foley), -Intermittent catheterization if the patient can do it. -Catheter removal and trial of...