NEPHROLOGY
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) According to KDIGO, AKI is defined as an: 1) Increase in serum creatinine by ≥0.3 mg/dL within 48 hrs; OR, 2) Increase in serum creatinine to ≥1.5 times baseline (i.e. 50% above baseline), which is known or presumed to have occurred within...
NEPHROLOGY
The National Kidney Foundation and the KDIGO CKD guidelines define CKD as: -GFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 for at least 3 months OR -Other evidence of kidney damage such as 1) albuminuria, 2) abnormal kidney imaging, or 3) abnormal kidney biopsy for 3 months or more...
NEPHROLOGY
CKD Staging based on GFR Stage 1 is defined as a GFR >90 mL/min/1.73 m2, while the fifth stage, kidney failure, is defined as a GFR <15 mL/min/1.73 m2. Anemia is associated with not only stage 5 disease, where it is universal, but also with earlier stages. Below...
ACID-BASE DISTURBANCES
Normal ABG Values Normal ABG Values. The physiologic approach to interpreting Acid-Base Disturbances The physiologic approach to interpreting Acid-Base Disturbances. Base Excess (BE) in an ABG Base Excess (BE) in an ABG. Good resources 1)...
NEPHROLOGY
Postvoid Residual (PVR): Urine that remains in the bladder, measured by a catheter or U/S, after the patient attempts to urinate. A PVR >200 ml suggests bladder obstruction or weakness. Normal functional bladder capacity in adults ranges from approximately 300 to...
NEPHROLOGY
Urinary Sodium Concentration Normal urine sodium values for adults are generally 20 mEq/L in a random urine sample and 40 to 220 mEq/L per day (mEq/L/day). The result depends on how much fluid and salt you take in. Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different...
