ACID-BASE DISTURBANCES
The delta anion gap/delta HCO3- Ratio in patients with a high anion gap metabolic acidosis The delta AG/delta HCO3 ratio is the ratio of the increase in AG above baseline to the decrease in HCO3 below the baseline. The delta-delta helps us determine if there are...
NEPHROLOGY
Algorithm from the AAFP for Urinalysis in patients with AKI (see link below). Urinary Casts and Crystals. Table from UTD Urinary patterns associated with different kidney diseases Urinary pattern Kidney disease suggested by pattern Hematuria with dysmorphic red blood...
NEPHROLOGY
5 Indications for urgent dialysis (when condition refractory to conventional therapy) AEIOU Acid-base disturbance: acidemia e.g. Severe metabolic acidosis (pH <7.1) Electrolyte disorder: usually hyperkalemia; sometimes hypercalcemia, tumor lysis...
NEPHROLOGY
Albumin is a type of protein found in large amounts in the blood. Because it is a small molecule in size, it is one of the first proteins able to pass through the kidneys into the urine when there are kidney problems. This presence of small amounts of albumin in the...
NEPHROLOGY
Most cases of proteinuria can be classified as glomerular, tubular, or overflow proteinuria. Glomerular proteinuria Urine total protein: 1-20 g/day. Passage of protein from glomerular capillary blood (mainly albumin) into the urine. Tubular proteinuria Urine total...
NEPHROLOGY
We can either measure the total urine protein or just the albumin fraction. Urine albumin measurements are better validated in regard to association with risk for chronic kidney disease progression and cardiovascular events. *** Microalbuminuria and Macroalbuminuria...
