“Tea and toast” and “beer potomania”

NEPHROLOGY

Tea and toast” and “beer potomania refer to diets that are severely deficient in solute load but high in free water. Our kidneys cannot simply excrete free water. There is a minimum osmolality that the fluid has to have for the kidneys to excrete it. Some...

Contraction Alkalosis

NEPHROLOGY

        Luke RG, Galla JH. It Is Chloride Depletion Alkalosis, Not Contraction Alkalosis. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN. 2012;23(2):204-207. doi:10.1681/ASN.2011070720.

MRI vs. CT Contrast Agents

NEPHROLOGY

Contrast agents are used in both MRI and CT, however MRI contrast does not contain iodine. MRI contrast and CT contrast are differnt. CT uses iodine which is nephrotoxic. MRI uses gadolinium which requires kidneys to excrete it. Gadolinium may be nephrotoxic. However,...

End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)

NEPHROLOGY

End-stage kidney disease is the last stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This is when the kidneys can no longer support the body’s needs and do their job of removing wastes or excess fluid from the blood. End-stage renal disease is defined based on the level...

Vascular Access for Hemodialysis (HD)

NEPHROLOGY

  Vascular Access Description Uses and advantages Disadvantages Arteriovenous (AV) Fistula and AV Graft AV Fistula -It has the highest patency, and -Lowest risk of bacteremia. It takes a long time to mature (2-6 months). AV Graft Easier to create than an AF...

Causes of Hypophosphatemia

MUSCULOSKELETAL, NEPHROLOGY

Major causes of hypophosphatemia True Hypophosphatemia happens through 4 major mechanisms: 1. Internal redistribution (Redistribution of phosphate from the extracellular fluid into cells) 2/2 to increased insulin secretion, particularly during refeeding, in refeeding...