Causes of Nephrotic syndrome

CAUSES, NEPHROLOGY

Primary Causes (glomerular diseases) Idiopathic causes are responsible for about 80% to 90% of NS. -Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis -Membranous glomerular disease, -Minimal-­change glomerular disease (most common type in children; still occurs in adults),...

Average GFR by Age

NEPHROLOGY

On average, GFR decreases by 10 per decade starting from age 20. According to National Kidney Foundation (NKF), the average estimated GFRs for different ages are shown below. Note that these are just averages and there is a lot of individual and racial variabilities....

Risk Factors for Chronic kidney disease

NEPHROLOGY

Diabetes. (#1 cause of CKD in the U.S) High blood pressure. (#2 cause of CKD in the U.S) Family history of kidney disease. Cardiovascular disease. Age over 60 years old History of recurrent UTI History of urinary obstruction Smoking. Obesity. Race (Being...

Sigmoid Dose-Response Curve in Loop Diuretics

NEPHROLOGY, Pharmacy and Therapeutics

Loop diuretics have a sigmoid dose-response curve with a threshold dose and ceiling dose.  Threshold Doses and Ceiling Doses in Loop Diuretics Loop diuretics have a sigmoidal dose-responsive effect. Doses smaller than the threshold dose produce little or no diuretic...

Diuretics and Diuresis

NEPHROLOGY, Pharmacy and Therapeutics

Daily weight is the best way to track successful diuresis. Diuretics inhibit sodium reabsorption in specific parts of the nephron, resulting in increased urinary sodium and water excretion. “Loop diuretics are the most potent diuretics.” Electrolyte &...

GOLDMARK vs. MUDPILES Mnemonics For Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis

ACID-BASE DISTURBANCES, MNEMONICS

GOLD MARK is a new mnemonic recommended to replace MUDPILES for causes of anion-gap metabolic acidosis GOLD MARK Glycols (propylene glycol and ethylene glycol) Oxoproline – 5-oxoproline (or pyroglutamic acid) is associated with chronic acetaminophen use, often...